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Glossary of terms
Ambient light ? The natural light in a scene.
Archival ? The ability of a material, including some printing papers
and compact discs, to last for many years.
Aperture ? A small, circular opening inside the lens that can change in
diameter to control the amount of light reaching the camera's sensor as
a picture is taken. The aperture diameter is expressed in f-stops; the
lower the number, the larger the aperture. For instance, the aperture
opening when set to f/2.8 is larger than at f/8. The aperture and
shutter speed together control the total amount of light reaching the
sensor. A larger aperture passes more light through to the sensor. Many
cameras have an aperture priority mode that allows you to adjust the
aperture to your own liking. See also shutter speed.
Application ? A computer program, such as an image editor or image
browser.
Buffer ? Memory in the camera that stores digital photos before they
are written to the memory card.
Burning ? Selectively darkening part of a photo with an image-editing
program.
CCD ? Charge Coupled Device: one of the two main types of image sensors
used in digital cameras. When a picture is taken, the CCD is struck by
light coming through the camera?s lens. Each of the thousands or
millions of tiny pixels that make up the CCD convert this light into
electrons. The number of electrons, usually described as the pixel?s
accumulated charge, is measured, then converted to a digital value.
This last step occurs outside the CCD, in a camera component called an
analog-to-digital converter.
CD-R ? CD-Recordable: a compact disc that holds either 650 or 700 MB of
digital information, including digital photos. Creating one is commonly
referred to as burning a CD. A CD-R disc can only be written to once,
and is an ideal storage medium for original digital photos.
CD-RW ? CD-Rewritable: similar in virtually all respects to a CD-R,
except that a CD-RW disc can be written and erased many times. This
makes them best suited to many backup tasks, but not for long term
storage of original digital photos.
CMOS ? Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor: one of the two main
types of image sensors used in digital cameras. Its basic function is
the same as that of a CCD. CMOS sensors are currently found in only a
handful of digital cameras.
CMYK ? Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black. The four colours in the inksets of
many photo-quality printers. Some printers use six ink colours to
achieve smoother, more photographic prints. The two additional colours
are often lighter shades of cyan and magenta.
CompactFlash? ? A common type of digital camera memory card, about the
size of a matchbook. There are two types of cards, Type I and Type II.
They vary only in their thickness, with Type I being slightly thinner.
A CompactFlash memory card can contain either flash memory or a
miniature hard drive. The flash memory type is more prevalent.
Contrast ? The difference between the darkest and lightest areas in a
photo. The greater the difference, the higher the contrast.
Digital camera ? A camera that captures the photo not on film, but in
an electronic imaging sensor that takes the place of film.
Dodging ? Selectively lightening part of a photo with an image-editing
program.
Download, downloading ? The process of moving computer data from one
location to another. Though the term is normally used to describe the
transfer, or downloading, of data from the Internet, it is also used to
describe the transfer of photos from a camera memory card to the
computer. Example: I downloaded photos to my PC.
DPI ? Dots per inch: A measurement of the resolution of a digital photo
or digital device, including digital cameras and printers. The higher
the number, the greater the resolution.
EXIF ? Exchangeable Image File: the file format used by most digital
cameras. For example, when a typical camera is set to record a JPEG,
it?s actually recording an EXIF file that uses JPEG compression to
compress the photo data within the file.
External or slave flash ? A supplementary flash unit that connects to
the camera with a cable, or in the case of a slave flash, is triggered
by the light from the camera?s internal flash.
File ? A computer document.
Fill flash ? A flash technique used to brighten deep shadow areas,
typically outdoors on sunny days. Some digital cameras include a fill
flash mode that forces the flash to fire, even in bright light.
FireWire ? A type of cabling technology for transferring data to and
from digital devices at high speed. Some professional digital cameras
and memory card readers connect to the computer over FireWire. FireWire
card readers are typically faster than those that connect via USB. Also
known as IEEE 1394, FireWire was invented by Apple Computer but is now
commonly used with Windows-based PCs as well.
Grayscale ? A photo made up of varying tones of black and white.
Grayscale is synonymous with black and white.
Highlights ? The brightest parts of a photo.
Histogram ? A graphic representation of the range of tones from dark to
light in a photo. Some digital cameras include a histogram feature that
enables a precise check on the exposure of the photo.
Image browser ? An application that enables you to view digital photos.
Some browsers also allow you to rename files, convert photos from one
file format to another, add text descriptions, and more.
Image editor ? A computer program that enables you to adjust a photo to
improve its appearance. With image editing software, you can darken or
lighten a photo, rotate it, adjust its contrast, crop out extraneous
detail, remove red-eye and more.
Image resolution - The number of pixels in a digital photo is commonly
referred to as its image resolution.
Inkjet ? A printer that places ink on the paper by spraying droplets
through tiny nozzles.
ISO speed ? A rating of a film?s sensitivity to light. Though digital
cameras don?t use film, they have adopted the same rating system for
describing the sensitivity of the camera?s imaging sensor. Digital
cameras often include a control for adjusting the ISO speed; some will
adjust it automatically depending on the lighting conditions, adjusting
it upwards as the available light dims. Generally, as ISO speed climbs,
image quality drops.
JPEG ? A standard for compressing image data developed by the Joint
Photographic Experts Group, hence the name JPEG. Strictly speaking,
JPEG is not a file format, it?s a compression method that is used
within a file format, such as the EXIF-JPEG format common to digital
cameras. It is referred to as a lossy format, which means some quality
is lost in achieving JPEG?s high compression rates. Usually, if a
high-quality, low-compression JPEG setting is chosen on a digital
camera, the loss of quality is not detectable to the eye.
LCD ? Liquid Crystal Display: a low-power monitor often used on the top
and/or rear of a digital camera to display settings or the photo
itself.
Media ? Material that information is written to and stored on. Digital
photography storage media includes CompactFlash cards and CDs.
Megabyte (MB) ? A measurement of data storage equal to 1024 kilobytes
(KB).
Megapixel ? Equal to one million pixels.
Memory Stick??A memory card slightly smaller than a single stick of
chewing gum. Like CompactFlash and SmartMedia, it is flash-based
storage for your photos.
NiMH ? Nickel Metal-Hydride: a type of rechargeable battery that can be
recharged many times. NiMH batteries provide sufficient power to run
digital cameras and flashes.
Online photo printer ? A company that receives digital photos uploaded
to its Web site, prints them, and then sends the prints back by mail or
courier.
Panning ? A photography technique in which the camera follows a moving
subject. Done correctly, the subject is sharp and clear, while the
background is blurred, giving a sense of motion to the photo.
Pixel ? Picture Element: digital photographs are comprised of thousands
or millions of them; they are the building blocks of a digital photo.
RAW ? The RAW image format is the data as it comes directly off the CCD,
with no in-camera processing is performed.
Red-eye ? The red glow from a subject?s eyes caused by light from a
flash reflecting off the blood vessels behind the retina in the eye.
The effect is most common when light levels are low, outdoor at night,
or indoor in a dimly-lit room.
RGB ? Red, Green, Blue: the three colors to which the human visual
system, digital cameras and many other devices are sensitive.
Saturation ? How rich the colors are in a photo.
Sensitivity ? See ISO speed.
Serial ? A method for connecting an external device such as a printer,
scanner, or camera, to a computer. It has been all but replaced by USB
and FireWire in modern computers.
Sharpness ? The clarity of detail in a photo.
Shutter speed ? The camera?s shutter speed is a measurement of how long
its shutter remains open as the picture is taken. The slower the
shutter speed, the longer the exposure time. When the shutter speed is
set to 1/125 or simply 125, this means that the shutter will be open
for exactly 1/125th of one second. The shutter speed and aperture
together control the total amount of light reaching the sensor. Some
digital cameras have a shutter priority mode that allows you to set the
shutter speed to your liking. See also aperture.
SmartMedia??a wafer-thin, matchbook size memory card. This is also a
flash-memory based storage medium.
Thumbnail ? A small version of a photo. Image browsers commonly display
thumbnails of photos several or even dozens at a time. In Windows XP?s
My Pictures, you can view thumbnails of photos in both the Thumbnails
and Filmstrip view modes.
USB ? Universal Serial Bus: a protocol for transferring data to and
from digital devices. Many digital cameras and memory card readers
connect to the USB port on a computer. USB card readers are typically
faster than cameras or readers that connect to the serial port, but
slower than those that connect using FireWire.
White balance ? A function on the camera to compensate for different colours of light being emitted by different light sources |
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Digital
cameras
